{"id":19268,"date":"2026-08-10T10:06:19","date_gmt":"2026-08-10T04:36:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/?p=19268"},"modified":"2026-08-10T15:24:30","modified_gmt":"2026-08-10T09:54:30","slug":"curtain-wall-components","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/aluminium\/facade\/curtain-wall-components.html","title":{"rendered":"Curtain Wall System Components: Mullions, Transoms, Anchors, Glass &amp; More"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What Is a Curtain Wall System?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>curtain wall<\/strong> is a non-structural outer covering of a building that is <strong>independent of the building&#8217;s structural frame<\/strong>. Unlike traditional load-bearing walls, curtain walls do not carry any weight from the building itself\u2014they only support their own weight and withstand wind loads, seismic forces, and thermal movements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Think of a curtain wall as a lightweight &#8220;skin&#8221; draped over the building&#8217;s skeleton. This skin is typically made of aluminium framing with glass, metal panels, or other infill materials, creating a weather-resistant barrier that keeps the elements out while allowing natural light to flood interior spaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a more detailed introduction to curtain walls and how they differ from traditional load-bearing walls, read our comprehensive guide: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/aluminium\/facade\/curtain-walls-system-glass-buildings.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Curtain Walls: The Hidden System Behind Modern Glass Buildings<\/a><\/strong> .<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Curtain Wall vs Load-Bearing Wall<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The fundamental difference comes down to <strong>what each supports<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Curtain Wall<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Load-Bearing Wall<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Supports only its own weight<\/td><td>Carries weight from floors, roof, and other structural elements<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Transfers wind and gravity loads to the building frame via anchors<\/td><td>Transfers loads directly to the foundation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Can be installed after the structural frame is complete<\/td><td>Must be built as part of the primary structure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Allows for lighter, more flexible building design<\/td><td>Limits design flexibility and floor-to-floor heights<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where Curtain Wall Systems Are Commonly Used<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Curtain wall systems are the hallmark of modern architecture. You&#8217;ll find them in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>High-rise office towers<\/strong> \u2013 where the lightweight nature reduces structural demands<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Commercial buildings<\/strong> \u2013 retail centres, hotels, and hospitals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Airports and transportation hubs<\/strong> \u2013 allowing vast spans of natural light<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Educational institutions<\/strong> \u2013 universities and research facilities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Residential developments<\/strong> \u2013 luxury apartments and condominiums<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mixed-use developments<\/strong> \u2013 combining retail, office, and residential spaces<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What Are the Main Components of a Curtain Wall?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/curtain-wall-system-components-3d-diagram-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Curtain wall system components diagram showing mullions, transoms, anchors, glass panels, pressure plates, cover caps, gaskets, thermal breaks, setting blocks, side blocks, spandrel panels, and drainage system in a cross-sectional view\" class=\"wp-image-19270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/curtain-wall-system-components-3d-diagram-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/curtain-wall-system-components-3d-diagram-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/curtain-wall-system-components-3d-diagram-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/curtain-wall-system-components-3d-diagram.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Cross-section of a modern aluminium curtain wall system showing the key components including mullions, transoms, glass, thermal breaks, setting blocks, anchors, and drainage features that work together to create a high-performance building envelope.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A curtain wall system comprises numerous components working together as a unified assembly. The primary structural members form a grid consisting of vertical elements (mullions) and horizontal elements (transoms). Glass panels and other infill materials are placed between these members and supported by them. Here is a quick overview of the key components:<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Component<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Function<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Mullions<\/strong><\/td><td>Vertical structural members that divide the curtain wall into sections and transfer loads<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Transoms<\/strong><\/td><td>Horizontal members that connect between mullions and support glass panels<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Anchors<\/strong><\/td><td>Attach the curtain wall system to the building&#8217;s structural frame<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Glass &amp; Glazing<\/strong><\/td><td>The vision areas that provide transparency, light, and views<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pressure Plates &amp; Cover Caps<\/strong><\/td><td>Mechanically secure glass panels to the framing system<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Gaskets &amp; Seals<\/strong><\/td><td>Provide weather-tightness and prevent air and water infiltration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Thermal Breaks<\/strong><\/td><td>Insulating barriers that reduce heat transfer through the aluminium frame<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Spandrel Panels<\/strong><\/td><td>Opaque infill panels that conceal structural elements between floors<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Fasteners &amp; Hardware<\/strong><\/td><td>Screws, brackets, and connectors that hold the system together<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Drainage Systems<\/strong><\/td><td>Weep holes and drainage paths that manage water infiltration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Setting Blocks &amp; Side Blocks<\/strong><\/td><td>Support glass weight and prevent edge-to-metal contact<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. <strong>Mullions<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Is a Curtain Wall Mullion?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>mullion<\/strong> is a vertical structural element that divides the curtain wall into smaller sections, providing primary support to the entire system. Mullions are the backbone of any curtain wall\u2014they span from floor to floor (in stick systems) or across multiple floors (in unitized systems) and resist wind pressure acting perpendicular to the facade.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vertical vs Horizontal Framing Members<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Clarification of terminology:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Vertical mullions<\/strong> \u2013 The main load-bearing elements that transfer gravity loads (self-weight of the glass and framing) and wind loads down to the building structure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Horizontal members<\/strong> \u2013 In standard facade engineering terminology, horizontal members are strictly called <strong>transoms<\/strong> (or horizontal framing rails). While &#8220;horizontal mullion&#8221; is a common colloquialism, the correct engineering term is <em>transom<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Mullions Transfer Loads<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mullions are engineered to handle three types of loads:<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Wind loads<\/strong> \u2013 Pressure and suction forces acting perpendicular to the facade<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gravity loads<\/strong> \u2013 The dead weight of glass panels and the mullion itself<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thermal loads<\/strong> \u2013 Expansion and contraction due to temperature changes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mullions transfer these loads back to the building structure through brackets and anchors attached to floor slabs or columns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Load Capacity Note:<\/strong> Load capacity depends on multiple engineering factors including member depth, moment of inertia ($I_{xx}$), section modulus, alloy grade (e.g., 6063-T5, 6063-T6), and structural span. Frame and anchor designs can support individual glass units weighing well over <strong>600 kg to 1,000+ kg<\/strong>, especially for triple-glazed or heavy laminated units. Mullion capacities are determined through structural calculations based on wind pressure requirements and floor-to-floor height\u2014there is no single static limit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Aluminium Mullion Profiles<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aluminium is the material of choice for curtain wall mullions due to its excellent strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and extrudability. Common profiles include:<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Box sections<\/strong> \u2013 Rectangular hollow profiles offering high strength and torsional resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>I-sections<\/strong> \u2013 Open profiles with excellent bending resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Custom extruded shapes<\/strong> \u2013 Designed to incorporate glazing pockets, gasket grooves, and thermal break cavities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mullion depths typically range from <strong>50mm to 200mm<\/strong> depending on the span and load requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To understand why aluminium has emerged as the global standard for curtain wall framing\u2014offering an exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, natural corrosion resistance, and infinite extrudability\u2014read our in-depth guide: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/aluminium\/facade\/why-aluminium-used-in-curtain-wall-systems.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Why Aluminium Is Used in Curtain Wall Systems<\/a><\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. <strong>Transoms<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Is a Curtain Wall Transom?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>transom<\/strong> is a horizontal structural member that separates the curtain wall into smaller sections, often used to support windows, louvers, or other infill materials. Transoms run horizontally between mullions and define the module spacing of the curtain wall grid.<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Transoms Connect with Mullions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transoms are fixed between vertical mullions using connecting members, brackets, or notched connections. The connection methods include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Direct bolted connections<\/strong> \u2013 Using brackets and screws<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Notch-and-tab connections<\/strong> \u2013 Where transom ends fit into pre-cut notches in the mullion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Shear block connections<\/strong> \u2013 Using aluminium or stainless steel blocks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These connections must accommodate thermal movement while maintaining structural integrity under wind and gravity loads.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Supporting Glass and Infill Panels<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transoms provide critical support for glass panels and other infill materials. They:<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Transfer lateral wind loads from the glass into the vertical mullions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Support the dead weight of glass panels through <strong>setting blocks<\/strong> placed on the transom<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Define the horizontal module of the curtain wall grid<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide attachment points for spandrel panels and other opaque infill<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. <strong>Curtain Wall Anchors<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Are Curtain Wall Anchors?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Curtain wall anchors<\/strong> are the critical connection points that attach the curtain wall system to the building&#8217;s primary structural frame. These anchors transfer all loads (wind, gravity, and seismic) from the curtain wall to the building structure. A typical anchor arrangement includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Brackets<\/strong> \u2013 Steel or aluminium angles that bolt to the building structure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adjustable connections<\/strong> \u2013 Allowing for three-way adjustment to accommodate construction tolerances<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mullion attachment<\/strong> \u2013 Connecting the bracket to the vertical mullion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How the System Attaches to the Building Structure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The attachment process typically follows this sequence:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Brackets are bolted<\/strong> to the concrete floor slab or structural steel<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mullions are hung<\/strong> from or supported by these brackets<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adjustments are made<\/strong> to achieve proper alignment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The system is secured<\/strong> once all alignments are verified<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anchors are typically made of <strong>stainless steel<\/strong> or <strong>hot-dip galvanized steel<\/strong> to prevent corrosion and ensure long-term durability.<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Common Anchor Arrangements<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Arrangement<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Description<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Typical Use<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Fixed anchor<\/strong><\/td><td>No adjustment capability; precise installation required<\/td><td>Where structural tolerances are tight<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Adjustable anchor<\/strong><\/td><td>Allows movement in one or more directions<\/td><td>Most common; accommodates typical construction tolerances<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Slotted anchor<\/strong><\/td><td>Uses slotted holes for in-plane adjustment<\/td><td>Where moderate adjustment is needed<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Pivoting anchor<\/strong><\/td><td>Allows angular adjustment<\/td><td>Where column or slab alignment varies<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Alignment and Tolerances Matter<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is one of the most critical aspects of curtain wall design. Building structures typically have tolerances of <strong>1 to 2 inches<\/strong> (25-50mm) relative to theoretical positioning. Curtain wall systems, however, require much tighter tolerances\u2014typically <strong>\u215b inch to 1\/16 inch<\/strong> (3-1.5mm).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Curtain wall anchors are specifically designed to accommodate these variations. Without proper adjustability, the curtain wall would be impossible to install correctly, leading to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Misaligned glass panels<\/strong> \u2013 Unsightly and potentially unsafe<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Compromised weather seals<\/strong> \u2013 Leading to water and air infiltration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stress concentrations<\/strong> \u2013 Potentially causing glass breakage or frame failure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Industry practice typically requires anchors to accommodate <strong>tolerances of \u00b12mm in any storey height<\/strong> or structural bay width.<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <strong>Glass and Glazing<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Glass Types Used in Curtain Walls<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The glass in a curtain wall is far more than just a transparent barrier\u2014it&#8217;s a high-performance engineering component. Several types of glass are commonly used:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Heat-Strengthened (HS) Glass<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Partially tempered glass offering moderate strength increase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Preferred in vision and spandrel areas subject to thermal stress<\/strong> because it is virtually immune to spontaneous breakage caused by <strong>Nickel Sulfide (NiS) inclusions<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Offers <strong>better optical flatness<\/strong> (less roller wave distortion) than fully tempered glass<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Breaks into larger pieces that typically remain in the frame, reducing falling glass hazards<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Tempered (Fully Toughened) Glass<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Heat-treated to increase strength by <strong>4\u20135 times<\/strong> compared to annealed glass<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Breaks into small, relatively harmless cubes rather than sharp shards<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Commonly used in thicknesses from <strong>6mm to 19mm<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Note: Requires heat-soak testing to minimize risk of NiS spontaneous breakage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Laminated Glass<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Consists of two or more glass layers bonded with a PVB or SGP interlayer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provides security, sound insulation, and UV protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Holds together when broken, reducing the risk of falling glass<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Insulating Glass Units (IGUs)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Two or more glass panes separated by an air or gas-filled cavity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide superior <strong>thermal and acoustic performance<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can incorporate Low-E coatings for solar control and energy savings<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5. Low-E Coated Glass<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Microscopically thin metallic coating that reflects heat<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduces solar heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Glass Thickness and Performance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Glass thickness is selected based on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Wind load requirements<\/strong> \u2013 Higher wind loads require thicker glass<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Span between supports<\/strong> \u2013 Larger spans need thicker or stronger glass<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Acoustic performance<\/strong> \u2013 Thicker glass or laminated glass improves sound insulation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thermal performance<\/strong> \u2013 IGU cavity width affects U-values<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typical thickness ranges:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Monolithic glass<\/strong>: 6mm to 19mm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Laminated glass<\/strong>: 6.38mm (3mm + 3mm with interlayer) to 19.52mm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>IGUs<\/strong>: Total thickness from 16mm to over 50mm, with cavity widths of 6mm to 20mm<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. <strong>Pressure Plates and Cover Caps<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What They Do<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <strong>captured (capped) curtain wall systems<\/strong>, the glass is mechanically held in place by a pressure plate and cover cap. This is the most common glazing method for standard curtain walls.<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pressure plate<\/strong>: A metal component that presses against the glass (through a gasket) to secure it to the frame<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cover cap<\/strong>: An aesthetic cover that snaps or screws over the pressure plate, concealing the fasteners<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mechanical Glazing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a pressure plate system, the glazing process works like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Glass panels are placed into the frame (between mullions and transoms)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gaskets are inserted between the glass and the frame<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pressure plates<\/strong> are installed over the glass edge and fastened with screws into the framing members<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cover caps<\/strong> are snapped or screwed over the pressure plates<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This mechanical fixing transfers wind loads acting on the glass through the pressure plates and gaskets into the mullions and transoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">External Appearance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Feature<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Pressure Plate<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Cover Cap<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Visible from outside<\/strong><\/td><td>Typically hidden by the cover cap<\/td><td>Yes\u2014defines the visual grid lines<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Function<\/strong><\/td><td>Structural\u2014holds the glass<\/td><td>Aesthetic\u2014covers fasteners<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Material<\/strong><\/td><td>Aluminium (often structural grade)<\/td><td>Aluminium (often decorative finish)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Colour\/Finish<\/strong><\/td><td>Usually not visible<\/td><td>Matches the facade finish<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Difference Between Pressure Plate and Cover Cap<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The key distinction is <strong>function<\/strong>:<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The <strong>pressure plate<\/strong> is a <strong>structural component<\/strong> that clamps the glass in place<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The <strong>cover cap<\/strong> is an <strong>aesthetic component<\/strong> that conceals the pressure plate and fasteners<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In some systems, the cover cap is snap-fit and can be removed for glass replacement; in others, it&#8217;s screwed in place for additional security.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. <strong>Gaskets and Seals<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">EPDM Gaskets<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer)<\/strong> is the most common material for curtain wall gaskets. EPDM gaskets provide:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Excellent weather resistance<\/strong> \u2013 Withstand UV, ozone, and temperature extremes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Air and water sealing<\/strong> \u2013 Prevent air leakage and water infiltration<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Noise and dust reduction<\/strong> \u2013 Improve acoustic performance and indoor air quality<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Long service life<\/strong> \u2013 Typically <strong>15-25 years<\/strong> or more<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Weather Sealing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Weather sealing in a curtain wall involves <strong>multiple lines of defence<\/strong>:<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Primary seal<\/strong> \u2013 The outer gasket that provides the first barrier against water<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Secondary seal<\/strong> \u2013 The inner gasket that provides back-up protection<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Structural silicone sealant<\/strong> \u2013 Often used around glass edges in addition to gaskets<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Perimeter joint sealants<\/strong> \u2013 Used at expansion gaps between unitized panels<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Backer Rods and Sealants<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Backer rods<\/strong> (closed-cell polyethylene foam) serve as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A backing material that controls sealant depth for proper adhesion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A bond-breaker preventing three-sided adhesion that could cause sealant failure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Foundation for weatherproof silicone sealants at perimeter joints<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Structural\/weatherproof silicone sealants<\/strong> are used to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Seal perimeter joints and expansion gaps between unitized panels<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Provide waterproofing at critical transitions (roof, wall, slab edges)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accommodate thermal movement and building drift<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Air and Water Resistance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The curtain wall must resist two types of pressure:<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Air pressure differential<\/strong> \u2013 Wind pressure that can force air through gaps<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Water pressure<\/strong> \u2013 Wind-driven rain that can penetrate through joints<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gaskets work in conjunction with <strong>pressure-equalized cavities<\/strong> to reduce the net driving pressure on seals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Gasket Compatibility Matters<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gasket compatibility is critical because:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Incompatible materials can <strong>react chemically<\/strong>, causing degradation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>EPDM with certain sealants or lubricants can swell or shrink<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thermal expansion<\/strong> differences between gasket and frame can cause leaks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Always ensure that gaskets, sealants, and framing materials are tested together for <strong>long-term compatibility<\/strong>.<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. <strong>Thermal Breaks<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Is a Thermal Break?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>thermal break<\/strong> is an insulating barrier inserted into the aluminium framing to reduce heat transfer through the metal. Aluminium is an excellent conductor of heat\u2014without a thermal break, a curtain wall would act like a &#8220;thermal bridge,&#8221; transferring heat from the warm interior to the cold exterior (or vice versa).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thermal breaks are typically made from <strong>polyamide<\/strong> (nylon) or <strong>polyurethane<\/strong> with a minimum width of <strong>19mm (\u00be inch)<\/strong> for effective thermal performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How It Improves Thermal Performance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The numbers speak for themselves:<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Two thermal breaks<\/strong> in a frame section can improve thermal performance by <strong>19%<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Polyamide thermal breaks<\/strong> can further improve performance by more than <strong>4%<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advanced systems with multiple thermal breaks achieve <strong>even greater performance<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thermal breaks work by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Reducing heat conduction<\/strong> through the aluminium frame<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Minimizing condensation<\/strong> on interior surfaces<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lowering the U-factor<\/strong> (heat transfer coefficient) of the curtain wall<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Contributing to building energy efficiency<\/strong> and sustainability<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To dive deeper into the science of thermal breaks and how they can reduce a curtain wall&#8217;s U-value by 50\u201380%, check out our detailed article: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/aluminium\/facade\/curtain-walls-energy-savings-thermal-break-explained.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Do Curtain Walls Save Energy? (Thermal Break Explained)<\/a><\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where Thermal Breaks Are Used<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thermal breaks are used in <strong>all critical locations<\/strong> where heat could bypass the insulating glass:<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Between the interior and exterior aluminium profiles<\/strong> of mullions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Between the interior and exterior<\/strong> of transoms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>In pressure plates<\/strong> \u2013 polyamide pressure plates can improve thermal performance by at least <strong>20%<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>In anchor locations<\/strong> where metal-to-metal contact could create thermal bridges<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7.5 <strong>Setting Blocks and Side Blocks<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Setting Blocks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Setting blocks<\/strong> are small but critical components placed under the glass unit on the transom. They:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Carry the entire gravity load<\/strong> of the glass panel<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prevent glass-to-metal contact<\/strong> \u2013 vital for preventing edge chipping and stress fractures<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Provide a bearing surface<\/strong> that distributes the weight of the glass evenly<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Are typically made of <strong>EPDM<\/strong> or <strong>silicone<\/strong> with appropriate durometer hardness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Side Blocks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Side blocks<\/strong> are placed between glass edges and the vertical frame (mullion) to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Prevent lateral movement<\/strong> of the glass within the frame<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Maintain consistent glass positioning<\/strong> for proper sealant joint widths<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prevent glass-to-metal contact<\/strong> at vertical edges<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Often specified in pairs per glass panel, with one at approximately 1\/3 height and another at 2\/3 height<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why They Matter<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While often overlooked, setting blocks and side blocks are <strong>essential to glass longevity<\/strong>:<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Without proper setting blocks, the glass rests directly on aluminium, leading to <strong>stress concentrations<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Glass edge contact with metal creates <strong>localized high stresses<\/strong> that can cause spontaneous breakage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Improper block placement can lead to <strong>uneven load distribution<\/strong> and premature seal failure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. <strong>Spandrel Panels and Infill Panels<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Are Spandrel Areas?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Spandrel areas<\/strong> are the opaque portions of a curtain wall that conceal building structure between floors\u2014typically the <strong>edge of floor slabs<\/strong>, <strong>columns<\/strong>, and <strong>mechanical systems<\/strong>. These areas are often visible from the exterior as opaque bands between the transparent vision glass.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Glass vs Opaque Infill<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Type<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Description<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Application<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Vision glass<\/strong><\/td><td>Transparent or translucent glass panels<\/td><td>Occupied areas requiring natural light and views<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Spandrel glass<\/strong><\/td><td>Opaque glass with a ceramic frit or backing<\/td><td>Concealing structure while maintaining visual continuity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Insulated spandrel panels<\/strong><\/td><td>Aluminium-skinned panels with insulation core<\/td><td>High-performance thermal and fire resistance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Metal panels<\/strong><\/td><td>Aluminium or steel sheets<\/td><td>Architectural expression and structural concealment<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Insulation Considerations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spandrel panels must provide <strong>thermal insulation<\/strong> comparable to the vision glass to prevent thermal bridging and condensation. Typical spandrel panel construction includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Aluminium skins<\/strong> \u2013 1.5mm to 3.0mm thick<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mineral wool insulation<\/strong> \u2013 Non-combustible (Euroclass A1)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Air cavity<\/strong> \u2013 Often included for pressure equalization and drainage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fire-rated spandrel panels<\/strong> are required in many jurisdictions to prevent fire spread between floors.<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. <strong>Fasteners, Brackets and Hardware<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Screws and Fasteners<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fasteners are the unsung heroes of curtain wall construction. They include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Self-drilling screws<\/strong> \u2013 For quick installation into aluminium profiles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stainless steel screws<\/strong> \u2013 For corrosion resistance in exposed locations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Shouldered screws<\/strong> \u2013 Prevent over-torquing and stripping<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Expansion anchors<\/strong> \u2013 For attaching brackets to concrete<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Brackets<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brackets serve as the <strong>primary connection<\/strong> between the curtain wall and the building structure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Angle brackets<\/strong> \u2013 Simple L-shaped brackets for slab connections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adjustable brackets<\/strong> \u2013 Allow three-way adjustment for alignment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Castellated brackets<\/strong> \u2013 Provide incremental adjustment options<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Custom brackets<\/strong> \u2013 Designed for specific project requirements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Connectors<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Connectors join individual components within the curtain wall system:<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mullion-to-mullion connectors<\/strong> \u2013 Join vertical members end-to-end<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transom-to-mullion connectors<\/strong> \u2013 Connect horizontal members to verticals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Shear blocks<\/strong> \u2013 Transfer loads between members<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Expansion connectors<\/strong> \u2013 Accommodate thermal movement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Fixing Hardware<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The quality of fixing hardware is critical to long-term performance:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Use corrosion-resistant materials<\/strong> \u2013 Stainless steel or hot-dip galvanized<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Specify appropriate torque<\/strong> \u2013 Prevent over-tightening and damage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Consider seismic requirements<\/strong> \u2013 Use hardware rated for seismic loads<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Provide adjustability<\/strong> \u2013 Allow for field alignment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. <strong>Drainage and Pressure Equalization<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Weep Holes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Weep holes<\/strong> are small openings in the curtain wall framing that allow water to drain to the exterior. They are typically located at:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Bottom of mullions<\/strong> \u2013 To drain water that enters the vertical cavities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bottom of transoms<\/strong> \u2013 To drain water from horizontal framing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Behind pressure plates<\/strong> \u2013 To drain water that penetrates the outer seal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Weep holes must be <strong>sized and located correctly<\/strong> to prevent clogging and ensure proper drainage.<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a deeper engineering breakdown of how curtain walls resist wind loads (up to \u00b14000 Pa in unitized systems) and manage water through pressure-equalized rain screen designs, see: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/aluminium\/facade\/curtain-wall-wind-load-water-drainage-system-guide.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Curtain Wall Wind Load &amp; Water Drainage Explained<\/a><\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drainage Paths<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Water management in a curtain wall follows a <strong>controlled drainage path<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Primary seal<\/strong> \u2013 The outer gasket that deflects most water<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Secondary seal<\/strong> \u2013 The inner gasket that catches any water that penetrates the primary seal<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Drainage cavity<\/strong> \u2013 The space between seals where water collects<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Drainage path<\/strong> \u2013 Water flows down through mullions and transoms to weep holes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Weep hole<\/strong> \u2013 Water exits the system to the exterior<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pressure-Equalized Systems<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Pressure equalization<\/strong> is a sophisticated approach to water management. The principle is simple:<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The drainage cavity is <strong>vented to the exterior<\/strong> through weep holes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This <strong>equalizes air pressure<\/strong> between the cavity and the outside<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>With equal pressure, wind-driven water is <strong>not forced<\/strong> past the seals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Water that does enter the cavity <strong>drains out<\/strong> through weep holes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Water Management Matters<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poor water management leads to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Water infiltration<\/strong> \u2013 Damaging interior finishes and creating mould risks<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Corrosion<\/strong> \u2013 Of aluminium framing and steel anchors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Glass failure<\/strong> \u2013 Water entering IGUs causes fogging and reduced performance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thermal performance degradation<\/strong> \u2013 Wet insulation loses effectiveness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Structural damage<\/strong> \u2013 Long-term water exposure weakens connections<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How Curtain Wall Components Work Together<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A curtain wall is more than just a collection of parts\u2014it&#8217;s a <strong>carefully engineered system<\/strong> where every component plays a specific role:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Building structure<\/strong> provides the primary support<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Anchors<\/strong> connect the curtain wall to the structure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mullions<\/strong> (vertical members) span between anchors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transoms<\/strong> (horizontal members) connect between mullions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Setting blocks<\/strong> placed on transoms support the glass weight<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Glass panels<\/strong> are placed between mullions and transoms<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Side blocks<\/strong> position the glass laterally within the frame<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gaskets<\/strong> seal the glass to the frame<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pressure plates<\/strong> clamp the glass in place<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cover caps<\/strong> conceal the pressure plates<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thermal breaks<\/strong> prevent heat transfer through the frame<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spandrel panels<\/strong> conceal structure between floors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Drainage systems<\/strong> manage water infiltration<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each component must be <strong>compatible<\/strong> with every other component\u2014in material, size, and performance\u2014to create a weathertight, durable, and energy-efficient facade.<\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The choice between stick-built and unitized systems is a foundational decision that impacts timeline, budget, quality, and long-term performance. For a complete comparison, read: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/aluminium\/facade\/tick-vs-unitized-curtain-wall-comparison.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Stick Curtain Wall vs Unitized Curtain Wall \u2013 Which Is Better?<\/a><\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Find Curtain Wall Manufacturers &amp; Suppliers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Looking for curtain wall suppliers for your next project? Browse our curated directory of manufacturers and suppliers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc49 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/suppliers\/?category=22&amp;location=&amp;search=Curtain+Wall\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Find Curtain Wall Manufacturers &amp; Suppliers<\/a><\/strong><\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Curtain Wall Components by System Type<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Different curtain wall systems use the same basic components but assemble them differently:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stick System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Components are <strong>installed piece-by-piece<\/strong> on site<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mullions installed first, then transoms, then glass<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maximum flexibility for complex geometries<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More on-site labour required<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Best for<\/strong>: Low-to-mid-rise buildings, complex shapes, limited budgets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unitized System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pre-assembled in factory<\/strong> into complete units (typically one storey high)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Units are lifted and attached to the building<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Superior quality control and faster on-site installation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Higher initial cost but lower installation cost<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Best for<\/strong>: High-rise buildings, tight construction schedules, consistent floor plans<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Semi-Unitized System<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hybrid<\/strong> of stick and unitized systems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some components pre-assembled, others installed on site<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Balances quality control with flexibility<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Best for<\/strong>: Projects requiring some factory assembly but design flexibility<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Structural Silicone Glazing (SSG)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Glass is <strong>bonded to the frame<\/strong> with structural silicone<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No visible pressure plates or cover caps on the exterior<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Creates a <strong>flush, seamless appearance<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Requires highly controlled joint design<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Critical distinction<\/strong>: Structural silicone transfers <strong>wind loads<\/strong> via adhesive bonding directly to the aluminium sub-frame, while <strong>dead load (gravity)<\/strong> is still supported <strong>mechanically<\/strong> via setting blocks attached to the transom<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Best for<\/strong>: Premium architectural projects requiring clean aesthetics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What to Check When Buying Curtain Wall Components<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Material<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Aluminium alloy<\/strong> \u2013 Typically 6063-T5 or 6063-T6 for extruded profiles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Steel<\/strong> \u2013 For anchors and brackets (stainless or galvanized)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Glass<\/strong> \u2013 Tempered, laminated, or IGU as required<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gaskets<\/strong> \u2013 EPDM with appropriate durometer and UV resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thermal breaks<\/strong> \u2013 Polyamide 66 with 25% glass fibre<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Profile Dimensions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mullion depth<\/strong> \u2013 Determines structural capacity and thermal performance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mullion width<\/strong> \u2013 Affects sightlines and glass bite<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Transom depth<\/strong> \u2013 Must match mullion depth for clean intersections<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Glass pocket<\/strong> \u2013 Must accommodate glass thickness plus gasket clearance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Load Requirements<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Wind load<\/strong> \u2013 Based on building height, location, and exposure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dead load<\/strong> \u2013 Weight of glass, framing, and components<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Seismic load<\/strong> \u2013 Based on regional seismic design criteria<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thermal load<\/strong> \u2013 Expansion and contraction due to temperature change<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Glass Compatibility<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Glass thickness<\/strong> \u2013 Must fit within the frame&#8217;s glass pocket<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Glass weight<\/strong> \u2013 Must be within the capacity of the framing and anchors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Glass type<\/strong> \u2013 Tempered, laminated, IGU, or combination<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Coating compatibility<\/strong> \u2013 Some coatings require specific gasket materials<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Thermal Performance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>U-factor<\/strong> \u2013 Overall heat transfer coefficient (lower is better)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SHGC<\/strong> \u2013 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (lower is better for cooling climates)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thermal break width<\/strong> \u2013 Minimum 19mm for effective performance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Condensation resistance<\/strong> \u2013 Critical for cold climates<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Finish<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Anodized<\/strong> \u2013 Durable, metallic appearance, limited colour range<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Powder coated<\/strong> \u2013 Wide colour range (RAL colours), excellent durability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>PVDF (Kynar)<\/strong> \u2013 Premium coating, exceptional weather resistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Match with project specifications<\/strong> \u2013 Colour, gloss, and texture<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Testing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Air infiltration<\/strong> \u2013 ASTM E283 or equivalent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Water penetration<\/strong> \u2013 ASTM E331 or equivalent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Structural performance<\/strong> \u2013 ASTM E330 or equivalent<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thermal performance<\/strong> \u2013 NFRC or equivalent<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Supplier Support<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Technical expertise<\/strong> \u2013 Can the supplier assist with design and detailing?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lead times<\/strong> \u2013 Can they meet the project schedule?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Quality control<\/strong> \u2013 Do they have ISO or other quality certifications?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Warranty<\/strong> \u2013 What is covered and for how long?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:75px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Find Curtain Wall Manufacturers &amp; Suppliers<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Looking for curtain wall suppliers for your next project? Browse our curated directory of manufacturers and suppliers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc49 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/suppliers\/?category=22&amp;location=&amp;search=Curtain+Wall\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Find Curtain Wall Manufacturers &amp; Suppliers<\/a><\/strong><\/p><div class=\"pai-ad\" style=\"min-height:250px;visibility:hidden;\"><span style=\"display: block; text-align: center; font-size: 10px; margin: 0 0 10px 0; color: #999999;\">Ads<\/span>\r\n<!-- Display-300x250-1 -->\r\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n     style=\"display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px\"\r\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3838168351244230\"\r\n     data-ad-slot=\"9933646018\"><\/ins>\r\n<script>\r\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/p><script>document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){\n        if(window.innerWidth <= 768){\n            if (\"immediate\" === \"delay\") {\n                setTimeout(function(){document.querySelectorAll(\".pai-ad\").forEach(el=>el.style.visibility=\"visible\")},0);\n            } else if (\"immediate\" === \"scroll\") {\n                window.addEventListener(\"scroll\",function(){\n                    let s=window.scrollY\/(document.body.scrollHeight-window.innerHeight);\n                    if(s>0.1){\n                        document.querySelectorAll(\".pai-ad\").forEach(el=>el.style.visibility=\"visible\");\n                    }\n                });\n            } else {\n                document.querySelectorAll(\".pai-ad\").forEach(el=>el.style.visibility=\"visible\");\n            }\n        } else {\n            document.querySelectorAll(\".pai-ad\").forEach(el=>el.remove());\n        }\n    });<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What Is a Curtain Wall System? A curtain wall is a non-structural outer covering of a building that is independent of the building&#8217;s structural frame. Unlike traditional load-bearing walls, curtain walls do not carry any weight from the building itself\u2014they only support their own weight and withstand wind loads, seismic forces, and thermal movements. Think &#8230; <a title=\"Curtain Wall System Components: Mullions, Transoms, Anchors, Glass &amp; More\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/aluminium\/facade\/curtain-wall-components.html\" aria-label=\"Read more about Curtain Wall System Components: Mullions, Transoms, Anchors, Glass &amp; More\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":19269,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4156],"tags":[4157,4158],"class_list":["post-19268","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-facade","tag-curtain-wall","tag-facade"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19268","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19268"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19268\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19278,"href":"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19268\/revisions\/19278"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19269"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19268"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19268"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aluminiummagazine.com\/mag\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19268"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}